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  To Mary & Jack

  Love you always and forever

  AUTHOR’S NOTE

  I was beginning to believe that I was never going to see a horse capture the Triple Crown. I was kid in the 1970s when Affirmed, Seattle Slew, and Secretariat made sweeping the Kentucky Derby, Preakness, and Belmont Stakes look easy. I was merely a fan then, one who was soon to be transformed into a horseplayer. My father taught me how to read the Daily Racing Form, and my mother loved horses and spending an afternoon at the track.

  As my career as a journalist progressed and took me on assignments across the country and even the world, I found myself with a lot of downtime. So I went, and still go, to racetracks—at last count, more than ninety in seven countries. They range from a bush track in Rayne, Louisiana, where Cajun farmers race quarter horses and Thoroughbreds for as little as $300, to Royal Ascot, Queen Elizabeth II’s track not too far from Windsor Castle in the English countryside. There’s the challenge of puzzling over a horse’s past performances and deciding if this is his day to win. There is the camaraderie and cockeyed optimism of horseplayers chasing a score. Best of all are the horses—lovely creatures that take my breath away when their strides stretch out effortlessly with their feet barely touching the ground.

  Long before I wrote about race horses, I owned them, which helped me appreciate the great costs, great responsibility, and great thrill that come with being part of the sport. Horses are athletes, spectacular ones, and depend on their grooms, trainers, and owners to do right by them. Sometimes that is easier said than done and, as a result, a great deal of my work has focused on what is wrong with what can be a beautiful sport.

  Over the past two decades covering horse racing, however, I have never stopped wanting to see a great horse up close, a Triple Crown champion. On seven previous occasions, I have spent a Saturday afternoon in June at Belmont Park hoping that by day’s end I would be writing the first draft of history (as journalism is called) about America’s twelfth Triple Crown champion. I was heartbroken the first couple of times but eventually learned to manage my expectations.

  If I thought the quest for a Triple Crown was futile, what could casual sports fans have possibly thought after thirty-seven years without the sweep successfully competed?

  We found out on June 6, 2015, when Victor Espinoza and American Pharoah hit the stretch of that grand old racetrack on Long Island in total command of the Belmont Stakes. Words really cannot summarize the sheer joy and the volume of the noise in which the duo were greeted. It was soul quaking. I’ve been to Olympics and Super Bowls, World Series and NCAA championships and every kind of sporting event in between, but never have I experienced this kind of communal celebration.

  Every single person in attendance wanted the same thing. We wanted American Pharoah to win, to achieve something most thought impossible. We wanted to be able to say that we were there when a great horse made history.

  He did, and we can.

  CHAPTER ONE

  A BRIEF ENCOUNTER

  March 3, 2011

  It took them a while to get Littleprincessemma ready for her date. She was bathed first and then her tail was wrapped in gauze to keep it out of the way. A leather apron, or bite shield, was hung on her neck to protect her from the nibbles and rough nuzzles of her soon-to-be lover. A pair of booties, filled with down and pads, was slipped on her back hooves to soften any kicks aimed at her companion. The moment a mare and stallion meet in the breeding shed to do what comes natural to them is often as violent as it is brief.

  On the morning of March 3, 2011, the lucky stud was a horse named Pioneerof the Nile, who not long ago was a talented enough racehorse to win five of his ten starts and earn more than $1.6 million in purses. In fact, he was good enough two springs before to place second in the 135th running of the Kentucky Derby—a result that both teased and tormented his owner, Ahmed Zayat. While Pioneerof the Nile’s loss by a length suggested he had the pedigree to become a blue chip, moneymaking stallion, a loss is still a loss and this one was especially painful because it kept Zayat out of the winner’s circle of America’s greatest race.

  For now, however, Pioneerof the Nile was a cheap date, commanding only $15,000 per breeding, and his calendar was hardly full. This was only his second season in the breeding shed, and his offspring were two years away from hitting the racetrack and demonstrating whether they were runners or not.

  Littleprincessemma was one of ninety-one mares he was covering this season, or about a third of what the nation’s leading sire, Distorted Humor, was doing at WinStar Farm over in Woodford County. In fact, for Zayat, it was pretty much a free date. He owned Littleprincessemma, whom he named for his youngest daughter, Emma. He had bred and raced Pioneerof the Nile before selling 30 percent of his stallion rights to the Vinery, one of the hundreds of horse farms here in the Bluegrass state that had earned Kentucky its reputation as the Bethlehem of the American Thoroughbred.

  The Egyptian-born industrialist had made his fortune selling beer and wine to Muslims and was rapidly investing it here in the horse business. He had recently settled a bitter, costly, and public bankruptcy fight with Fifth Third Bank of Cincinnati, which said he had defaulted on $34 million of loans they made to his racing business, Zayat Stables.

  He needed cash and was paring down a stable that at one time numbered 250 horses. He had sold the Vinery its 30 percent share of Pioneerof the Nile for $1.3 million, and in 2010, he sold a more significant percentage of breeding rights of a colt named Eskendereya to Stonestreet Farms for more than $7 million. Shares in stallions were valuable commodities: Pioneerof the Nile may have commanded only $15,000 now per mating but that number could grow exponentially if his offspring started to consistently win big races.

  Zayat was hardly alone feeling the squeeze in the horse business. The 2008 recession sent the Thoroughbred industry, along with everything else, into a free fall. Some of the same dynamics that brought down subprime mortgages had gutted the horse business: no-money-down lending and a breeding and sales market based on the assumption of ever-rising prices.

  It meant that too many horses were bred, too much money was borrowed to breed them, and now too many people were trying to sell a surplus of horses to people who didn’t want them. In short, horsemen (as Thoroughbred breeders and owners fancy themselves) had bet their farms and were losing them.

  Now there were more than 300 farms for sale, a 50 percent increase over the previous year, in the four counties that make up horse country in Kentucky: Fayette, Woodford, Bourbon, and Scott.

  The banks had bailed out on the industry as well: loans to breed and buy horses had dropped 60 percent to about $400 million from an estimated $1 billion in 2007. The tight credit took its toll—the number of mares bred nationally, like Littleprincessemma, had dropped 35 percent, and the number of stallions standing stud, like Pioneerof the Nile, had fallen by nearly 40 percent.

  Horseplayers, the gamblers who are the lifeblood of the sport, were keeping their money in their pockets, too. The North American handle, or amount bet on races, was $11.1 billion, down 30 percent from the $15.4 billion wagered in 2007.

  These were scary times, but it mattered litt
le on the March morning Pioneerof the Nile sauntered into the breeding shed at the Vinery for his appointment with Littleprincessemma.

  It was spring in the Bluegrass—the most hopeful time of the year for breeders and owners. It was the time when a brief, often expensive, interlude between a mare and a stallion might create a home-run horse. The kind of foal that, four springs from now, might run away with the Kentucky Derby, prevail in the Preakness Stakes, and capture the Belmont Stakes to sweep the three classic races that make up American horse racing’s Triple Crown.

  Only eleven horses had previously managed to capture Thoroughbred racing’s Holy Grail and the last, Affirmed, did so more than three decades ago in 1978. Why so few?

  Theories abound but the bottom line is that it takes an exceptional horse and a fair amount of good fortune to navigate a twenty-horse field throughout the mile-and-a-quarter Kentucky Derby course, a distance few are bred for.

  In addition, the Derby winner must travel to Baltimore after the toughest race of his life and with only two weeks’ rest and defeat another dozen or so—many of them fresh challengers—in the Preakness Stakes, a mile-and-three-sixteenths race.

  Finally, three weeks later in New York, the Derby and Preakness champ must pass the “Test of the Champion,” as the Belmont Stakes is known, a grueling mile-and-a-half marathon against a field of fresh, accomplished horses—the top finishers from the Derby who have had five weeks of rest as well as a new cast of accomplished rivals that haven’t been chewed up on the road to the Triple Crown.

  In short, three cities, three tracks, three of the longest distances that horses will ever run are compressed into a five-week schedule.

  This pursuit of history begins with each breeding season in barns like this one, with their polished mahogany stalls and shiny brass fittings and rubberized floors. Even if Zayat, or the multitudes of dreamers like him, were unable to conjure up visions of a historic horse, a fast, pedigreed one that was able to pass that trait on to babies would do just fine.

  Better perhaps than breeding Triple Crown champs like Secretariat, Seattle Slew, and Affirmed was coming up with the next Storm Cat. He had been more than a home-run horse. He’d been a jackpot horse.

  Storm Cat was modestly talented on the racetrack but a legend in the breeding shed. In his peak breeding years, he commanded $500,000 per mating—an act that he performed up to 150 times or more a year.

  On the racetrack, he won four of his eight starts, including the Young America Stakes, a Grade 1 or top-rated race. However, in the 1985 Breeders’ Cup Juvenile championship, Storm Cat suffered a chipped knee, finishing second to a rival named Tasso. He was never the same on the racetrack and was retired after two more races.

  Those are not the results he is remembered by, though. Instead, Storm Cat is revered for his million-dollar pedigree, which continued to throw off hundreds of millions in cash long after he was retired from stallion duties in 2008 at age twenty-five.

  Storm Cat came from rich blood. His grandfather, the Canadian-bred champion Northern Dancer, had earned $1 million per mating from 1984 through 1987, and his mother, Terlingua, was a daughter of Secretariat. Over more than twenty years, Storm Cat passed on that class and speed, siring 8 champions and 801 winners, 180 of them worldwide stakes winners that altogether earned more than $128 million in purses.

  What he did for the breeding business was even more impressive. Storm Cat’s offspring strode through the sales rings like royalty, and rich people lost their heads and often their money. In 2004, a Storm Colt son sold for $8 million; the following year, another one sold for $9.7 million.

  In 2009, when Storm Cat’s last crop went through the auction ring at the prestigious Keeneland September Yearling Sale in Lexington, Kentucky, the recession was in full bloom, but one of his colts was the sales topper, at $2.05 million.

  This colt did not pan out in the breeding shed, but plenty more did—nearly a dozen are now stallions, including one of the world’s leading sires, Giant’s Causeway, who was already flirting with a $100,000 stud fee.

  It was this search for your very own equine ATM machine that was responsible for 100,000 jobs—at racetracks, tack shops, vet hospitals, sales companies, and so on—and more than $4 billion in economic impact that made the Bluegrass the cornerstone of Kentucky’s $8.8 billion tourism trade.

  Horse racing earned its appellation as the Sport of Kings in Europe, but it is America’s oldest sport and one that initially appealed to a nation struggling for freedom and independence, a nation that was painfully aware of how hard both were to achieve.

  It is a pastime based on competition—my horse is faster than yours. Even better, it invited gambling, another quintessential American pursuit. Like it or not, horse racing is part of the American character. It predates baseball and is the only sport that was ever conducted out of the White House. In the early 1800s, President Andrew Jackson ran a stable from there.

  Here in the Bluegrass, any decline the sport was suffering was ignored while the business of building a faster racehorse was left mostly to an international cast of millionaires and billionaires rather than old line royalty. For example:

  • Vinery Farms belonged to Tom Simon, a former corporate law attorney in Germany, who also owned part of a Thoroughbred operation in Australia.

  • Graham and Antony Beck, South African winemakers, operated Gainesway.

  • Juddmonte Farms belonged to members of the royal family of Saudi Arabia while Darley America was owned by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai.

  • Ashford Stud was the American arm of Coolmore, the Irish-based breeding and racing operation headed by a pair of Irish horsemen and an English gambler and former bookmaker.

  • Lane’s End Farm was the domain of William S. Farish, a Texas oilman who was appointed by President George W. Bush as the United States ambassador to the Court of St. James.

  • WinStar Farm was the vision of Kenny Troutt, the founder of Excel Communications, a Texas-based telecommunications company that used multilevel marketing to pile up a fortune in long-distance phone service.

  For centuries, horsemen have leaned on an axiom to characterize a process that is more art than science and is largely dependent on good fortune:

  “Breed the best to the best and hope for the best.”

  It is the heart and soul of the Thoroughbred business: Breeders try to engineer how far and how fast future horses will run by deciphering the bloodlines of generations past. They attempt to create a blue-chip stock that someone wants to own. They know it is as volatile as an Internet start-up and as unpredictable as Hollywood’s box office.

  Still, they try.

  Zayat was among the newest members of this tribe of alchemists. He was not in the breeding shed for Littleprincessemma’s assignation with Pioneerof the Nile, but he had more than a hand in what was about to happen.

  Besides the fact that he owned both of them, Zayat knew the bloodlines each possessed were potentially blockbuster and would mean the future foal would have as many as eight classic winners in the first five generations of his or her ancestry.

  The sire of Pioneerof the Nile, Empire Maker, won the 2003 Belmont Stakes and was successfully passing this stamina down to his offspring as a stallion. Empire Maker’s father, Unbridled, captured the 1990 Kentucky Derby and was second in that year’s Preakness. He went on to sire a winner of each Triple Crown race. Littleprincessemma’s pedigree boasts the 1973 Triple Crown champion, the great Secretariat, along with Northern Dancer, the 1964 Derby and Preakness champ who is considered one of the greatest sires of the twentieth century.

  Finally, who was Littleprincessemma’s granddaddy? None other than Storm Cat.

  In 2007, Zayat paid $250,000 for her as a yearling, but Littleprincessemma’s racing career was over after only two races. Her regal bloodlines, however, made her ripe for a career as a broodmare. She was unable to produce a foal in her first breeding, but she delivered one a little over a month ago from another Z
ayat stallion named Maimonides.

  Now Littleprincessemma was dressed and primed to create her second foal. A teaser stallion named Red in an adjacent stall had squealed, whinnied, and in a full throat made it clear to her that she was desirable. The Vinery employed two teasers—the other was named Ralph—for what was a depressing but essential job. They aroused the mare to insure that she was ready to receive a stallion. After all, these were 1,200-pound animals worth millions of dollars and a swift, safe, and successful mating was vital.

  Littleprincessemma was built like a sprinter with muscle twined around sturdy bones and a big bottom. She was a chestnut with a blaze on her face and one white sock and one white stocking on her hind legs.

  Littleprincessemma raised her tail, squatted, and urinated, a sign that she was ready. There was no relief for Red. His job was done, so he was led out of the barn. Red traded duties with Ralph so neither teaser got terminally discouraged.

  In came Pioneerof the Nile. He was a big, rangy horse with a Clint Eastwood walk, athletic but not in a hurry. He already had established himself as something of a prima donna. He preferred peppermints to carrots. He was also sometimes reticent and required a whiff of pheromones from a cup of thawed urine from a mare to get himself interested. Pioneerof the Nile refused to be rushed. He needed some foreplay and did not mind rocking back on his hind legs once, twice, as many as four times before securing his mount and consummating the relationship.

  The Vinery’s most successful stallion, on the other hand, lived up to his name—More Than Ready—and earned $60,000 a pop to make quick work of the mares. He serviced as many as 150 mares a year. In fact, he was so professional that he was sent to Australia each summer to create even more progeny to race in the Southern Hemisphere.

  The cameras were now rolling. With this much money at stake, every moment of Littleprincessemma and Pioneerof the Nile’s conjugal visit was videotaped to demonstrate that best practices and safety were observed to preempt any insurance claims.